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Open Access | CC BY 4.0 | |

Authors:

1. Neda Mostafa Bogari
2. Amr Ahmed Amin
3. Ashwag Aljohani
4. Ghida Dairi
5. Mahmoud Zaki El-Readi
6. Anas Dannoun
7. Udaya Raja
8. Mohammad Adil
9. Nermeen Qutub
10. Suhair Alhelfawi
11. Amal Alobaidi
12. Derar Alqudah
13. Hussain Banni
14. Safaa Yehia Eid
15. Huda Balto
16. Faisal Al-Allaf
17. Mohiuddin Taher
18. Hiba Saed Al-Amoodi
19. Ahmed Fawzy

Natural Science

10.4236/ns.2019.112007

Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a widespread and debilitating disorder with relatively high prevalence in Saudi Arabia. Neuropsychological and radiological investigations have revealed that there are some differences in the components of the brain regions in children with and without ADHD. In this study we have performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in four non-familial cases of ADHD from Makkah Region to identify the genetic polymorphisms associated with the disease in our Saudi population.

Methods: Exome sequencing was carried out using Ion Proton with AmpliSeq Exome library methods, and the data were analysed by Ion Reporter 5.6 software.

Results: A total of 33 variants were identified from 222 genes selected from the GWAS catalogue for ADHD associated genes. However, the SNPs we identified in these genes were not reported to be associated with ADHD in previous studies. We have identified 2 novel missense variants; one in c.3451G > T; p. (Ala1151Ser) in ITGA1 gene and another is c.988G > A; p. (Ala330Thr) in SPATA13 genes. The variants rs928661, rs11150370 and rs386792899 were the only three variants that appeared on all the 4 patients studied. Six missense variants, rs16841277, rs2228209, rs2230283, rs3741883, rs1716 and rs2272606, were found in 3 different patients, respectively. However, the three documented variants are rs13166360 with bipolar disorder, rs920829 with neuropathic pain, and rs6558702 with schizophrenia.

Conclusion: We have identified 2 novel variants in ADHD children. SIFT score of all variants indicates that these substitutions have damaging effects on the protein function. Further screening studies are recommended for confirmation.

Keywords

Next Generation DNA Sequencing, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, Saudi Children, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD

Citation

Bogari, N.M., Amin, A.A., Aljohani, A., Dairi, G., El-Readi, M.Z., Dannoun, A., Raja, U., Adil, M., Qutub, N., Alhelfawi, S., Alobaidi, A., Alqudah, D., Banni, H., Eid, S.Y., Balto, H., Al-Allaf, F., Taher, M., Al-Amoodi, H.S., & Fawzy, A. (2019). Whole Exome Sequencing: Novel Genetic Polymorphisms in Saudi Arabian Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Children. Natural Science, 11(2), 45-60, doi: 10.4236/ns.2019.112007